September 12th, 2009 by admin
It clearly has been demonstrated that individuals who smoke cigarettes
are at greater risk for the development of periodontitis, have more severe
periodontitis, and do not respond to treatment of periodontitis as well as
those who do not smoke [8,10,76]. This finding was thought to be a lifestyle
issue (eg, poor oral hygiene), but a number of studies have shown that
compared with nonsmokers, smokers do not necessarily have more bacterial Read the rest of this entry »
September 12th, 2009 by admin
From a historical perspective, regeneration of periodontal tissues lost as
a result of periodontitis has been an elusive goal despite the development of
widely available regenerative surgical techniques. Such approaches have
involved the use of bone grafts to replace lost bone; however, bone is but one component of the connective tissues composing the periodontium.
Inasmuch as bone loss has been considered one of the major sequelae of
periodontitis and is the most striking radiographic feature of periodontally Read the rest of this entry »
September 12th, 2009 by admin
Periodontal diseases are probably one of the most common bacterial
infections in humans. It has become evident that only a few of the several
hundred species of microorganisms within the gingival crevice and the
periodontal pocket play a significant role in initiation and progression of the
disease [10,12]. Thus, such pathogens at low levels should be considered as
part of the normal oral flora. The notion of a ‘‘critical mass’’ of these
periodontal pathogens has recently been introduced because of their
presence in healthy gingival sites, albeit in low numbers [13]. The
inflammatory and degradative processes associated with chronic periodontitis Read the rest of this entry »
September 12th, 2009 by admin
Epidemiologic studies show that although the incidence of periodontitis
increases with age, only a limited number of persons develop the more severe
forms. Several studies report that 5% to 10% of the adult population has
severe disease, which is unaffected by oral hygiene habits. This prevalence is
similar in various parts of the world. In addition, the number of persons
developing severe periodontitis appears to be consistent over time [18].
Periodontitis and other reasons for tooth extraction have been studied Read the rest of this entry »
September 12th, 2009 by admin
Peri-implantitis is defined as an inflammatory reaction with the loss of
supporting bone in the tissues surrounding a functioning implant [9]. The
overall frequency of peri-implantitis was reported to be 5% to 8% for
selected implant systems [7]. A site-specific infection comparable to chronic periodontitis, possibly related to implant design and surface characteristics,
may have caused the difference in prevalence of peri-implantitis in the
various implant systems. Data on the transmission of periopathogenic
microorganisms from the periodontal pocket to the peri-implant region have
been presented [10]. In a study of partially edentulous patients, van Read the rest of this entry »
September 12th, 2009 by admin
The role of diet in the etiology of dental caries is well established. The
role of diet in the development and progression of periodontal disease,
however, is less well understood. Recent studies have noted that as people
lose teeth, there is a trend toward the presence of a poorer diet [1,2]. A
person’s diet can exert a topical or a systemic effect on the body and its
tissues. Before tooth eruption, foods provide a nutritional or systemic effect
during tooth development and in the maturation of dentine and enamel.
After the tooth erupts, foods play a topical or dietary role in the Read the rest of this entry »
September 12th, 2009 by admin
Irrigation
The effect of supragingival oral irrigation in periodontal therapy is to flush
away loosely attached bacteria present in the gingival crevice, thereby
diminishing the potential for developing gingivitis. There is contradictory
evidence about the usefulness of supragingival irrigation in reducing plaque
formation. Although a few studies have shown some benefits of oral irrigation Read the rest of this entry »
September 12th, 2009 by admin
Chemical preventive agents have been incorporated into oral disease
management for centuries; however, it is only recently that these adjunctive
therapies have been scientifically studied. Recently, Addy [52] wrote a brief,
informative, and rather humorous review on antiseptic use in periodontal
therapy. These agents should be viewed as adjuncts and not replacements for
effective mechanical plaque control. They are preventive agents, not Read the rest of this entry »
September 12th, 2009 by admin
Based on current knowledge, it seems reasonable to conclude that some
form of regular interdental cleaning is necessary to maintain periodontal
health because no toothbrush effectively disrupts true interproximal plaque,
particularly in the posterior dentition. In addition, there is a clear interdental
site predilection for gingivitis, periodontitis, and smooth-surface caries.
Interdental areas truly are the key high-risk surfaces [44].
There are many different types of interdental cleaning aids, but the most
widely recommended is dental floss or tape. Floss is most useful in the
nonperiodontitis patient who has full interdental papillae and no exposed
concave root surfaces.When used properly, it can penetrate the interproximal
sulcus approximately 2 to 3 mm. Axelsson et al [45] recommended that flat, Read the rest of this entry »
September 12th, 2009 by admin
Of the more than 600 bacterial species that have been identified from
subgingival plaque, only a small number have been suggested to play
a causal role in the pathogenesis of destructive periodontal diseases in the
susceptible host [16]. Furthermore, technologic advances in methodologies
such as analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA bacterial genes indicate that as
many as several hundred additional species of not-yet-identified bacteria Read the rest of this entry »
